Project: Apollo Abstract GIS-Applications are applications that gathers, manages and analyzes spatial-related data. They are rooted from Geography and is now used in almost all aspects of discipline where Geographic and/or Spatial data manipulation is required. This includes applications related to engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business [ 1 ]. Guttman [ 2 ] started the topic of generalizing B-tree ( a self-balancing tree data structure that maintains sorted data and allows searches, sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time . [ 3 ] ) to index multi-dimensional data (coordinates, polygons, rectangles, among others). Such a step enables the rise of Geo-spatial databases for gathering, analyzing and querying such data (i.e. Esri , GIS-planning and Database extensions like GeoMesa (for Hadoop), PostGIS (PostgreSQL), Oracle, CouchDB, among others) ...
What is rational is actual and what is actual is rational.. - G.W.F. Hegel